L’uscita di nuove linee guida è sempre un’occasione importante per chi ogni giorno si prende cura di pazienti critici in regime di emergenza-urgenza.
Quando poi l’argomento di cui trattano è importante, e per alcuni aspetti anche controverso, fa ancora più piacere l’uscita di un documento di consenso che permette di avere un riferimento affidabile per la pratica clinica giornaliera.
D’altra parte per i professionisti sanitari le linee guida non devono essere una gabbia professionale, bensì il valore aggiunto che guida le scelte cliniche ma la cui interpretazione critica prelude anche a scelte diverse, ma conseapevoli, da quele indicate.
Le nuove linee guida NICE (National Institute for Healthcare and Ecellence) sulla diagnosi e cura dello scompenso cardiaco acuto (2014 Acute heart failure NICE Full text Guidelines) pongono da questo punto di vista alcuni spunti interessanti quando si tratta di indicazioni per il trattamento iniziale.
Avevamo già trattato in un precedente post il trattamento dell’edema polmonare acuto affrontando le evidenze attuali ed i retaggi culturali che ancora persistono nel suo trattamento.
Vediamo se queste linee guida accolgono o meno i cambiamenti culturali che le nuove evidenze ci propongono.
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Sacchetti A1, Ramoska E, Moakes ME, McDermott P, Moyer V. Effect of ED management on ICU use in acute pulmonary edema. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Oct;17(6):571-4.
- Peacock WF1, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, Lopatin M, Fonarow G, Emerman CL. Morphine and outcomes in acute Emerg Med J. 2008 Apr;25(4):205-9. doi: 10.1136/emj.2007.050419.decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis.
- Cattermole GN, Graham CA. Opiates should be avoided in acute decompensated heart failure. Emerg Med J. 2009 Mar;26(3):230-1. doi: 10.1136/emj.2008.064576.
- Alexandre Mebazaa, MD, PhD; Mihai Gheorghiade, MD, FACC; Ileana L. Piña, MD, FACC Practical recommendations for prehospital and early in-hospital management of patients presenting with acute heart failure syndromes Crit Care Med 2008 Vol. 36, No. 1 (Suppl.)
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Chaudhry SI1, Wang Y, Concato J, Gill TM, Krumholz HM. Patterns of weight change preceding hospitalization for heart failure. Circulation. 2007 Oct 2;116(14):1549-54. Epub 2007 Sep 10.
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Paul A. Sobotka, MD, FACP, FACC and Mark E. Dunlap, MD, FACC, FAHA Catherine Fallick, MD Sympathetically Mediated Changes in Capacitance Redistribution of the Venous Reservoir as a Cause of Decompensation Circulation: Heart Failure. 2011; 4: 669-675
S-nitrosylation of effector proteins (8,13) |
Activates ryanodine receptors to improve myocardial contractility |
Regulates endothelial function |
Inhibits smooth muscle hyperplasia |
Regulates blood flow with changes in tissue oxygen tension matching flow to demand |
Protects myocytes by preventing oxidative damage |
Scavenges superoxide anions |
Regulates energy metabolism |
Protects cells from apoptosis |
Guanylyl cyclase activation (8,17) |
Promotes venous and arterial smooth muscle relaxation decreasing preload and afterload |
Inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium |
Has anti-inflammatory effects by preventing leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium |
Has antiapoptotic effects |
Has antiremodeling effects |
Hemodynamic conditions (12,18,19) |
Decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
Decreased left ventricular end diastolic pressure |
Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular afterload |
Decreased systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular afterload |
Increased venous capacitance |
Decreased right atrial pressure |
Decreases myocardial oxygen demand |
- Sameer Mal, MD, FRCPC*; Shelley McLeod, MSc; Alla Iansavichene, BSc, MLIS; Adam Dukelow, MD, FRCPC;
Michael Lewell, MD, FRCPC Effect of Out-of-Hospital Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Support Ventilation in Adult Patients With Severe Respiratory Distress- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63:600-607
Acute Pulmonary Edema: Myths and Facts
16 NovA Storify report by: Anand Swaminathan @EMSwami from #AAME14 #emconf
Preamble:
Minimal change in therapeutic approach to APE over 40 years despite modern evidences.
In APE (Acute Pulmonary Edema), the first ten minutes of management dictate the course of the patient. This is where we can save a life.
Pathophysiology
Cardiorenal model basis for use of furosemide is mechanistically flawed and outdated.
Cardiocirculatory model: peripheral vasoconstriction leads to decrease in cardiac function.
Neurohormonal model: build on increased norepinephrine levels and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation
Urban Legend #1 – Loop diuretics are 1st line therapy in treatment of APE
The Truth #1 – Loop diuretics are not recommended as 1st line treatment in APE
References:
ACEP clinical policy http://1.usa.gov/JyiSSN states aggressive diuretic monotherapy unlikely to be beneficial
Good overview of APE treatment http://1.usa.gov/1koxlBf – “diuretics are not the ideal 1st-line therapy for most patients
Urban Legend #2 – Patients presenting with APE are volume overloaded
The Truth #2 – Most patients with APE are not fluid overloaded and thus, do not require diuresis. Vascular Congestions DOES NOT equal fluid overload
References:
bit.ly/1gC5DMr most pt w/ APE have incr cardiac filling pressure but minimal change in baseline/dry weight
1.usa.gov/1gC5HvQ > 50% pt w/ APE had weight gain < 2 lbs on presentation
bit.ly/1bO3DeU Pulm edema results from fluid shifts not fluid gain
Urban Legend #3 – Loop diuretics are harmless in APE treatment so just give them
The Truth #3 – Loop diuretics are harmful early in the management of APE and should be withheld
References:
Furosemide alone caused increased PCWP in first 20 minutes http://1.usa.gov/19C4Tmc
bit.ly/1aEzyyI furosemide activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system + sympathetic nervous system
1.usa.gov/1gdZfKt furosemide decr GFR (assoc w/ worse outcomes), cardiac output (up to 20%) and incr afterload
Urban Legend #4– Morphine should be part of the initial APE algorithm
The Truth #4– Morphine is harmful in APE and should be completely dropped from treatment algorithm
References:
ADHERE analysis http://1.usa.gov/KAtOjL morphine assoc w/ incr mech vent (15.4% vs 2.8), incr ICU admit + mortality
Morphine in APE assoc w/ incr ICU admit (OR 3.08) and intubation (OR 5.04). Mechanistically flawed http://1.usa.gov/17t6M4X
Bottom line:
Myths
Loop diuretics are 1st line therapy in treatment of APE
Patients presenting with APE are volume overloaded
Loop diuretics are harmless in APE treatment so just give them
Morphine should be part of the initial APE algorithm
Facts
Loop diuretics are not recommended as 1st line treatment in APE
Most patients with APE are not fluid overloaded and thus, do not require diuresis
Loop diuretics are harmful in early phases of the management of APE and should be withheld
There is no role for furosemide in the management of APE
Morphine is harmful in APE and should be completely dropped from treatment algorithm
[View the story “Acute Pulmonary Edema” on Storify]
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Tag:acute pulmonary edema, edema polmonare, edema polmonare acuto cardiogeno, emergency medicine, medicina d'urgenza